The Deep Atmospheric Composition of Jupiter from Thermochemical Calculations Based on Galileo and Juno Data

The deep atmosphere of Jupiter is obscured beneath thick clouds. This causes direct observations to be difficult, and thermochemical equilibrium models fill in the observational gaps. research uses Galileo Juno data together with Gibbs free energy minimization code GGchem update gas phase condensation chemistry down 1000 bars. Specifically, provides helium abundances and, incorporated data, we use new enrichment values for oxygen, nitrogen, carbon sulphur. temperature profile Jupiter’s obtained following recent interior model calculations that fit gravitational harmonics measured by Juno. Following this approach, produced pressure–mixing ratio plots H, He, C, N, O, Na, Mg, Si, P, S K give a complete chemical all species occurring 10−20 mixing ratio. influence increased elemental can directly seen concentration dominant carriers each element: NH3 factor 1.55 as compared previous literature, N2 5.89, H2O 1.78, CH4 2.82 H2S 2.69. We investigate water observed on these find no liquid clouds form at oxygen Galileo, EH2O = 0.47, while they do higher abundance ratios important species, such NH3, H2O, CO, H2S, CN−, (NaCN)2, S2O K+, condensates, namely H3PO4 (s), LiCl KCl NaCl NaF MgO Fe (s) MnS atmosphere.